In fo rm al P u b lic T ra nsp ort R ou te m ap & c it y c o m para tiv e a na ly sis Fe b ru a ry 2 0 23TR A N SIT IO NS Pro je ctE xe cu tiv e S u m mary www.h vt- tr a nsit io ns.i n fo A uth orsT R A N SIT IO NS Th is r e se a rc h w as f u nd ed b y U KA ID t h ro ug h t h e U K F o re ig n, C om monw ea lt h & D eve lo p m en t O ffic e u nd er t h e H ig h V olu m e T ra nsp ort A p plie d R e se a rc h P ro g ra m me, m ana ged b y D T G lo b al. T h e v ie w s e xp re sse d in t h is r e p ort d o not n ece ssa rily r e fle ct t h e U K g ove rn m en t’s o ffic ia l p olic ie s. Tim D ura nt ( V ecto s | p art o f S LR ); R o g er B e h re n s a nd M ark Z u id geest ( U niv e rs it y o f C ape T o w n); M ario n H oye z a nd Sim on S a ddie r ( T ra nsit e c); H errie S c h a le ka m p a nd Je ffr e y T u rn er (in d ep en d en t c o nsu lt a nts ) C on tr ib uto rs : J o a quín R o m ero d e T e ja da (M oza m biq ue M ob ilit y O bse rv a to ry ), C ha rle s A d am s a nd K w am e K w akw a O se i ( K w am e Nkru m ah U niv e rs it y o f S c ie n ce a nd T e ch nolo g y), A nsu m ana T a ra w ally a nd J o se p h M aca rth y (S ie rra L e o ne U rb an R e se a rc h C en tr e ), M am aa G ra nt M onney ( T ra nsit e c); M ic h a el J o hnso n (in d ep en d en t c o nsu lt a nt) . A ck n ow le d gem en ts : T h e T R A N SIT IO NS co nso rtiu m p artn ers w ould lik e t o e xp re ss o ur g ra tit u d e t o B re n d an F in n ( in d ep en d en t co nsu lt a nt) f o r h is in vo lv e m en t, t h oug htfu l co ntr ib utio ns a nd p eer r e vie w o f o utp uts th ro ug hout t h e p ro je ct. TR A N SIT IO NS R ou te m ap to w ard s lo w c a rb on , a ffo rd able a nd s a fe m ob ilit y w ork in g w it h t h e In fo rm al P u b lic T ra nsp ort ( IP T) s e cto r Th ere a re a n e stim ate d 4 2,0 00 IP T m in ib use s, p ro vid in g s e rv ic e s a lo ng m ore th a n 1,8 00 k n ow n r o ute s, w it h in t h e m etr o p olit a n a re a s o f t h e fiv e T R A N SIT IO NS c a se c it ie s. T h e s c a le o f t h e IP T s e cto r a cro ss A fr ic a is v a st. M od al s h a re s o f IP T s e rv ic e s a re t y p ic a lly in t h e o rd er o f 5 0% o r m ore , a s t h ey p ro vid e fo r t h e d aily m ob ilit y n eed s o f lo w a nd m ed iu m -in co m e g ro up s in p artic u la r. W here f o rm al P u b lic T ra nsp ort s c h em es a re im ple m en te d ( B u s R a pid T ra nsit p ro je cts h a ve o ft e n e xp erie n ce d lo ng d ela ys), th ey w ill still se rv e o nly a fr a ctio n o f th e p op ula tio n, h en ce th e ro le o f IP T in s u b sta ntia l p ortio ns o f a m etr o p olit a n a re a w ill r e m ain f o r t h e f o re se ea ble f u tu re . Th e p op ula tio n o f A fr ic a d oub le d to 1.3 b illio n d urin g th e p erio d 19 90 to 2 0 20 a nd is p ro je cte d t o in cre a se b y a f u rth er 1 .2 b illio n b y 2 0 5 0. W ha t h a ppen s in u rb an t r a nsp ort in A fr ic a n c it ie s o ve r th e n ext tw o d eca des w ill th ere fo re b e a k e y d ete rm in a nt o f g lo b al c lim ate c h a ng e o utc o m es. In fo rm al P u b lic T ra nsp ort ( IP T)[1] h a s a f u nd am en ta l r o le t o p la y in p ro vid in g s u sta in a ble , m ass t r a nsit in t h e r a pid ly g ro w in g c it ie s o f S u b -S a ha ra n A fr ic a ( S SA ). A c o nce rte d e ffo rt is t h ere fo re r e q uir e d t o u nd ers ta nd h ow s ta ke h old ers c a n b est w ork t o g eth er t o d eliv e r a t r a nsit io n t o lo w c a rb on, a ffo rd able a nd s a fe m ob ilit y s e rv ic e s. C onsid er t h e f o llo w in g : Ba se d o n r e se a rc h u nd erta ke n i n t h e c a se c it ie s o f A ccra , K um asi, F re eto w n, C ape T o w n & M aputo [ 1] W hile t h ere a re m any f o rm s o f ‘i n fo rm al t r a nsp ort’, s u ch a s m oto r- c yc le a nd t h re e-w heele r t a xis , t h e f o cu s o f T R A N SIT IO NS h a s b een o n se rv ic e s th a t a re ty p ic a lly p ro vid ed b y m id i- a nd m in i- b use s a nd o cca sio na lly b y se d an ve h ic le s. Th ese la rg er ve h ic le s a re g en era lly s h a re d b y m ult ip le p asse n g ers a lo ng s e t ro ute s a nd a re , th ere fo re , m ore s im ila r to fo rm al P T th a n in fo rm al ta xi s e rv ic e s w here t h e p asse n g er d ic ta te s t h e d estin a tio n. M akin g t h e c a se f o r s u p portin g I P T a nd f u tu re i n vestm en t1 2 A p ro p ose d ‘r o ute ’ t o w ard s im pro ve d IP T s e rv ic e s, c o m pris in g a s e q uen ce o f s ta ges th a t c o uld p ro vid e th e b asis fo r a sm alle r p ilo t p ro je ct o r la rg er, c o st- e ffe ctiv e p ro g ra m me f o r a ffo rd able , c o lle ctiv e m ob ilit y . A s e rie s o f s e lf - a ppra is a l q uestio ns, t h a t w ill a ssis t p ra ctit io ners in u nd ers ta nd in g t h e cu rre n t s it u a tio n in th eir c it y a nd d eg re e o f p re p are d ness to m ove fo rw ard th ro ug h th e s te p s o f t h e R o ute m ap. Pro vis io n o f a b ackg ro und k n ow le d ge a nd a le a rn in g e n vir o nm en t o n k e y th em es a nd a ctio ns t h a t c a n b e t a ke n in r e la tio n t o IP T, c o m bin ed w it h c o m para tiv e a na ly sis o f th e s it u a tio n in th e T R A N SIT IO NS c a se c it ie s: A ccra , C ape T o w n, F re eto w n, K u m asi a nd M aputo . Th e T R A N SIT IO NS p ro je ct s e t it s e lf t h e d ua l c h a lle n g e o f: s e e kin g t o b ette r u nd ers ta nd t h e IP T s e cto r; a nd t o p re se n t a R o ute m ap fo r h ow p ub lic a uth orit ie s in S SA , IP T u nio ns a nd a sso cia tio ns, and th e in te rn a tio na l co m m unit y ca n work to g eth er to w ard s im pro ve m en ts . Th e TR A N IS TIO NS Ro ute m ap g uid ance d ocu m en t a nd w eb sit e b rin g to g eth er t h e f in d in g s f r o m a lit e ra tu re r e vie w , s ta ke h old er in te rv ie w s, p asse n g er o p in io n su rv e ys a nd v e h ic le f u el c o nsu m ptio n s u rv e ys, in o rd er t o p re se n t t h e f o llo w in g : Th e c e n tr a l a rro w o r s p in e o f th e R o ute m ap K e y D ia gra m s h ow s th e m ain s te p s o f a n appro a ch t o w ork in g c o lla bora tiv e ly w it h t h e IP T s e cto r: In th e m ajo rit y o f c o untr ie s, IP T o p era to rs re ly o n im porte d m in i- a nd m id i- b use s, m any o f w hic h a re ‘e n d o f lif e ’ v a ns th a t a re th en c o nve rte d fo r p asse n g er u se . TR A N SIT IO NS fo und th a t e m is sio ns te n d to b e ( a t le a st) d oub le th a t o f E U ta rg ets fo r th e p erio d 2 0 20 -2 0 24 , w it h fu el c o nsu m ptio n a ls o d oub le o r tr ip le th e a m ounts in m anufa ctu re r’s sp ecif ic a tio ns. Th e im plic a tio ns fo r lo ca l a ir p ollu tio n a nd c a rb on em is sio ns a re c le a r. D esp it e b ein g ‘r e la tiv e ly ’ a ffo rd able , IP T s e rv ic e s a re u nsu b sid is e d a nd s u b je ct to th e g lo b al p re ssu re s o f fu el p ric e in cre a se s, h en ce d is sa tis fa ctio n w it h fa re le ve ls w as fo und t o b e c o m mon ( a ro und o ne t h ir d t o a h a lf o f p asse n g ers s u rv e ye d in f o ur c a se c it ie s). IP T d riv e rs d o n ot g en era lly b en efit fr o m fix e d s a la rie s o r s o cia l in su ra nce p acka ges. T h e ‘t a rg et’ and co m mis sio n-b ase d paym en t sy ste m s, whic h ty p ic a lly apply , in ce n tiv is e c o m petit io n fo r p asse n g ers o n th e ro a d a nd re su lt in d ang ero us d riv in g b eh a vio ur. W hile IP T p ro vid es b en efic ia l tr a nsp ort s e rv ic e s, it is a ckn ow le d ged th a t th ere a re m ajo r p ro b le m s t o b e o ve rc o m e in o rd er t h a t t h e g re a te st o p portu nit ie s c a n b e r e a lis e d : In tr o d ucin g t h e R ou te m ap a nd c it y c o m pa ra tiv e a na ly sis M ain s te p s o f a r o u te t o w ard s l o w c a rb on , a ffo rd able a nd s a fe I P T. T h e f u ll R ou te m ap K ey D ia gra m i s p ro vid ed o n p age 6 . Th is s e q uen ce o f R o ute M ark e rs a re , in e sse n ce , a bout g ettin g t h e b asic s r ig ht, a nd w hile o n th e s u rfa ce m ay s e em s im plis tic , b elo w w e e xp la in w hy e a ch is s o im porta nt. T h e Ro ute M ark e rs a re a rra ng ed in a lo g ic a l s e q uen ce , w it h e m pha sis fir s t o n a ctio ns w here a p ub lic a uth orit y c o uld t a ke t h e le a d, f o llo w ed b y t h ose w here t h e IP T in d ustr y a ls o t a ke o n g re a te r r e sp onsib ilit ie s. It is e vid en t fr o m th e T R A N SIT IO NS re se a rc h th a t th ere a re n um ero us p ote n tia l c a use s o f m is tr u st b etw een p ub lic a uth orit ie s a nd t h e IP T s e cto r, w hic h c a n r e su lt in p ub lic a uth orit ie s se ekin g to re m ove a nd re p la ce IP T. In o rd er to c o unte r th is , th ere is a n eed fo r p ub lic a uth orit ie s to re co g nis e th e v a lu e a nd b en efit s th e IP T s e cto r d eliv e rs a nd p ote n tia l fo r co st- e ffe ctiv e im pro ve m en ts . F o r t h e IP T s e cto r it s e lf t h ere is a n o p portu nit y t o b en efit f r o m b ette r in fr a str u ctu re and ve h ic le in ve stm en t op portu nit ie s, as a re su lt of en g agin g p osit iv e ly w it h p ub lic a uth orit ie s. R e a ch in g a gre em en t o n jo in t o b je ctiv e s f o r t h e f u tu re r o le o f IP T w ill b e a n im porta nt f ir s t s te p . 3Rou te M ark er 1 – O bje ctiv es & P la ns: W ha t o b je ctiv es a nd p la ns ha ve b een a gre ed b y t h e I P T i n d ustr y a nd p ub lic a uth orit ie s? R ou te M ark er 2 - R eg ula tio n : D o w e h a ve c o re a sp ects o f I P T re g ula tio n a nd e n fo rc e m en t i n p la ce ? IP T is ty p ic a lly s u b je ct to d if fe re n t fo rm s o f q ua ntit y ( ro ute lic e n sin g ) a nd q ua lit y ( d riv e r lic e n sin g a nd v e h ic le in sp ectio ns) r e g ula tio n, a lt h oug h t h e a deq ua cy o f e n fo rc e m en t c a n va ry s u b sta ntia lly . E s ta blis h in g r o ute ( a nd in s o m e in sta nce s a re a ) lic e n sin g a nd e n fo rc in g th is w ell is v ie w ed a s a fu nd am en ta l e le m en t o f a w ell- fu nctio nin g s y ste m , w heth er a p ub lic a uth orit y in te n d s t o u nd erta ke a s m alle r s c a le p ilo t p ro je ct o r in tr o d uce n ew f o rm al pub lic tr a nsp ort s e rv ic e s o n s p ecif ic c o rrid ors . A s th e e xp erie n ce fr o m A ccra a nd K u m asi su g gests , in a deq ua te e n fo rc e m en t o f re g ula tio n re su lt s in ille g al o p era tio ns a nd o ve r- s u p ply o f IP T o n p op ula r r o ute s. A ll o f t h is m ea ns t h a t t h e o p era tio na l a nd b usin ess m od el o f e sta blis h ed IP T a sso cia tio ns a nd u nio ns is b adly u nd erm in ed . IP T o p era to rs a nd p asse n g ers h a ve t o c o nte n d w it h is su es o f s u b sta nd ard in fr a str u ctu re o n a d a ily b asis . R e la tiv e ly b asic im pro ve m en t m ea su re s w it h in t h e c o m pete n ce o f h ig hw ays a nd tr a ffic a uth orit ie s, in clu d e: E n su rin g a deq ua te ro a d s u rfa cin g - P o or ro a d s u rfa ce s re d uce ve h ic le sp ee d s, fu el e ffic ie n cy a nd lif e sp an, a s w ell a s c a usin g d is c o m fo rt to p asse n g ers . Pro vid in g sp ace fo r and basic se rv ic e s at te rm in a ls – Where te rm in a ls /s ta tio ns h a ve e sta blis h ed s it e s, th en p ro vis io n o f a ppro p ria te s u rfa ce s, s h elt e r, lig htin g , s e a tin g a nd to ile ts c a n b e u nd erta ke n . In m any c a se s, th en te rm in a ls o ccu p y are a s a t a nd a ro und h ig hw ay ju nctio ns, in w hic h c a se d esig na te d s p ace c o uld b e p la nned a nd p ro vid ed . Pre ve n tin g flo od in g a nd d esig nin g fo r su sta in a ble d ra in a ge – Re g ula r m ain te n a nce a nd d esilt in g o f d ra in s is r e q uir e d t o a vo id n eed le ss f lo od in g . Rou te M ark er 3 - In fr a str u ctu re : W ha t ba sic in fr a str u ctu re im pro vem en ts w ou ld d eliv er t h e g re a te st b en efit s f o r I P T? R ou te M ark er 4 - I P T B u sin ess D ev elo p m en t: H ow c a n t h e b usin ess c a se a nd p ro fe ssio n a lis a tio n o f t h e I P T i n d ustr y b e s u p porte d ? Th e IP T in d ustr y te n d s to b e o rg anis e d in U nio ns a nd /o r R o ute A sso cia tio ns th a t o p era te fr o m s p ecif ic t e rm in a ls . U nio ns a nd ‘b usin esse s’ a re n ot t h e s a m e a nd t h is c a n c o m plic a te th e s it u a tio n w hen w e c o nsid er m ea ns t o e n co ura ge p ro fe ssio na lis a tio n w it h in t h e s e cto r. IP T o p era to rs , w ho c a rry t h e p rim ary f in a ncia l r is k a s b usin esse s, a re t y p ic a lly t h e in d iv id ua l driv e rs w ho p ay re n t to a ‘p assiv e ’ v e h ic le o w ner. T h ere is p ote n tia l fo r th e ro le o f u nio ns a nd asso cia tio ns to evo lv e ove r tim e, and fo r re p re se n ta tiv e s to ben efit fr o m a dm in is tr a tio n a nd b usin ess e d uca tio n a nd to c o ord in a te tr a in in g a ctiv it ie s fo r v e h ic le c re w s. P ro p osin g a la rg e a nd fa st ‘l e a p’ fo r u nio ns a nd a sso cia tio ns to b eco m e fo rm al pub lic tr a nsp ort o p era to rs (a s so m etim es p ro m ote d b y m ajo r p ro je cts ) m ay re su lt in s tr a in ed r e la tio nsh ip s b etw een IP T in d ustr y s ta ke h old ers . Re d uctio ns in G re en house G as ( G HG ) e m is sio ns, a s w ell a s lo ca lly h a rm fu l a ir p ollu ta nts , c a n be ach ie ve d th ro ug h a co m bin a tio n of m ea su re s, in clu d in g bette r op era tio na l effic ie n cy ( e .g . re d uce d c o ng estio n a nd id lin g a t te rm in a ls ), im pro ve d d riv in g p ra ctic e s, b ette r r o a d c o nd it io ns, a nd t h ro ug h im pro vin g t h e f u el e ffic ie n cy o f v e h ic le s. G ood p ra ctic e fr o m a c lim ate p ro te ctio n p ers p ectiv e a ls o m ake s g ood b usin ess s e n se . F u el is in va ria bly t h e sin g le la rg est co st it e m in pub lic tr a nsp ort in deve lo p in g /e m erg in g eco nom ie s, a cco untin g f o r a s m uch a s h a lf o f t h e t o ta l c o st. T R A N SIT IO NS pre se n ts a pra gm atic fle et pro g re ssio n wit h th re e m ain sta ges: 1 . Im pro vem en ts to th e exis tin g fle et in th e sh ort- te rm , help in g to in -still good m ain te n a nce p ra ctic e s , le a din g la te r to ; 2 . V eh ic le re p la ce m en t a nd re n ew al in th e m ed iu m te rm , w it h im pro ved e ffic ie n cy , e m is sio n s c o n tr o ls a nd s a fe ty te ch nolo g ie s ; a nd 3. V eh ic le r e n ew al i n vo lv in g a lt e rn a tiv e e n erg y s o u rc e s. 4R ou te M ark er 5 - F le et m ain te n a nce a nd d riv er t r a in in g : W ha t c a n w e do t o a ch ie v e o u r o b je ctiv es i n t h e s h ort- te rm , w it h e xis tin g v eh ic le s? R ou te M ark er 6 - P a sse n g er i n fo rm atio n & s e rv ic e s: W ha t a re th e p rio rit y i m pro vem en ts t h a t c a n b e m ade f o r p asse n g ers ? It is o ft e n n ece ssa ry f o r t h e r e sid en ts o f la rg e a nd r a pid ly e xp and in g A fr ic a n m etr o p ole s t o m ake lo ng , m ult i- sta ge jo urn eys to re a ch th eir d estin a tio ns. Im pro ve m en ts to b asic in fr a str u ctu re a nd th e c o nd it io n o f v e h ic le s a re h ig h o n p asse n g er’s p rio rit y lis ts (R o ute M ark e rs 3 a nd 5 ), b ut fu rth er im porta nt o p portu nit ie s re la te to : Fir s tly , th e p ro vis io n o f in fo rm atio n fo r jo urn ey p la nnin g , w hic h c a n in vo lv e a pplic a tio n o f d ig it a l m appin g o f th e ro ute n etw ork a nd d eliv e ry o f jo urn ey p la nnin g w eb sit e s a nd a pps. T h is m ay e vo lv e to in clu d e pro vis io n of effic ie n t on-d em and rid e-p oolin g se rv ic e s fo r passe n g ers . And se co nd ly , p ro vid in g a w elc o m in g a nd sa fe en vir o nm en t fo r a ll p asse n g ers , in clu d in g m eetin g t h e n eed s o f t h e m ob ilit y im pair e d ( d is a ble d ), a nd p ro a ctiv e ly a ddre ssin g is su es o f s e xu a l h a ra ssm en t. S e xu a l h a ra ssm en t is a p ro ve n p ro b le m in re la tio n to a ll fo rm s o f co lle ctiv e t r a nsp ort ( th is is n ot lim it e d t o IP T a nd S SA ) a nd c a n h a ve a m ajo r im pact o n t h e tr a ve l decis io ns of wom en , and th ere fo re lif e decis io ns (s u ch as ed uca tio n and em plo ym en t o p tio ns). T h e T R A N SIT IO NS R o ute m ap s e ts o ut a p ro p ose d a ppro a ch t o fo ste r c o op era tio n b etw een p ub lic a uth o rit ie s a nd IP T sta ke h old ers . T h e sta ges c o uld b e e n vis a ged a s a re la tiv e ly s m all- sc a le p ilo t w ork in g w it h s p ecif ic u n io ns o r a sso cia tio ns, w it h p ote n tia l fo r tr a nsfe r a nd u p sc a lin g t o o th er p arts o f t h e c it y in t h e fu tu re in o rd er t o a ch ie ve m ore w id esp re a d ben efit s . R ou te M ark er 7 - T ra nsfe r & u p sc a lin g : W ha t a re t h e n ext s ta ges w ork in g w it h I P T? 5 Re vie w in g th e org anis a tio na l ro le and str u ctu re of unio ns, asso cia tio ns and co op era tiv e s, ta kin g in to a cco unt th eir c u rre n t c o m pete n cie s a nd p ote n tia l to d eliv e r tr a in in g a nd s u p port b usin ess d eve lo p m en t. P ro fe ssio na lis a tio n o f th e IP T s e cto r w ill in vo lv e lo okin g a gain a t b usin ess c a se s w it h s ta ke h old ers , a nd e xa m in in g to w ha t e xte n t fu el e ffic ie n cy a nd o p era tio na l e ffic ie n cy ca n in cre a se p ro fit a bilit y . B a sic in fo rm atio n s u ch a s th e s h eer n um ber o f v e h ic le s in vo lv e d in IP T o p era tio ns a re c u rre n tly la ckin g , a nd th is w ould h elp s tr e n g th en th e o ve ra ll c a se fo r in ve stm en t to a ch ie ve r e d uctio ns in G HG e m is sio ns a nd lo ca l p ollu tio n. A fu rth er c h a lle n g e a ris in g re la te s to h ow s u p ply a nd d em and o n IP T ro ute s c a n b e bette r m ana ged , w hile a ls o s e ekin g to e n su re th a t a ppro p ria te s e rv ic e le ve ls c a n b e pro vid ed in le ss p ro fit a ble o ff- p ea k p erio d s. T h is m atte r a ls o c a lls in to q uestio n w heth er fin a ncia l s u p port ( s u b sid ie s) f o r t h e IP T s e cto r c o uld b e p ossib le . D urin g th e c o urs e o f th e T R A N SIT IO NS p ro je ct it h a s b eco m e a ppare n t th a t th ere th is is in cre a sin g r e co g nit io n o f t h e v it a l r o le t h a t IP T p la ys in m etr o p olit a n a re a s a cro ss S SA , a nd a g ro w th in m om en tu m a m ong st t h e in te rn a tio na l c o m munit y t o f in d w ays t o w ork w it h t h e se cto r t o p ro vid e lo w c a rb on, a ffo rd able a nd s a fe m ob ilit y . T h e r e se a rc h t e a m h a s s o ug ht to c o ntr ib ute to th is a gen d a, b rin g in g to g eth er m ult ip le so urc e s o f in fo rm atio n in th e TR A N SIT IO NS Ro ute m ap a nd C ro ss- C it y C om paris o n re p ort a nd w eb sit e , p ro vid in g a co lle ctiv e re so urc e a nd le a rn in g e n vir o nm en t th a t c a n b e fu rth er d eve lo p ed in th e fu tu re ( s e e t h e R o ute m ap K e y D ia gra m b elo w ). W hile p ro je cts t h a t h a ve in vo lv e d w ork in g p ro a ctiv e ly w it h t h e IP T s e cto r a re lim it e d , t h ere a re n eve rth le ss v a lu a ble e xa m ple s to le a rn fr o m . T h ese in clu d e m ea su re s s u ch a s: th e d ig it a l m appin g o f n etw ork s in A ccra a nd N air o b i, M in ib us- ta xi la nes a nd t r ia ls o f h yb rid it y r e g ula tio n in C ape T o w n; t h e fle et r e n ew al s c h em es u nd erta ke n in D aka r a nd C ape T o w n; a s w ell a s r e o rg anis a tio n a nd p ro fe ssio na lis a tio n o f IP T a sso cia tio ns a s S A C CO s in K e n ya . Th ese c a se s tu d ie s h ig hlig ht t h a t t h e d esir e t o w ork p ro a ctiv e ly w it h t h e s e cto r is fa r fr o m new , a nd f u rth er lo ng -te rm s tu d ie s o f t h e e vo lu tio n a nd r e su lt s o f t h ese in it ia tiv e s w ould b e ben efic ia l. D urin g t h e w ork o n t h e R o ute m ap, p ro je ct p a rtn ers h a ve id en tif ie d m atte rs t h a t w ill r e q uir e fu rth er r e se a rc h a nd d eve lo p m en t o f s o lu tio ns, in clu d in g : W ork s h op s u nd erta ke n in A ccra a nd C ape T o w n d urin g t h e T R A N SIT IO NS p ro je ct r e ve a le d a s tr o ng appetit e am ong st pub lic auth orit y and IP T re p re se n ta tiv e s fo r in te rn a tio na l exc h a ng e a nd f u rth er le a rn in g , in o rd er t h a t t h ese a nd o th er o uts ta nd in g q uestio ns c a n b e answ ere d , a nd s o th a t th e o p portu nit ie s p re se n te d b y im pro ve m en ts to e xis tin g m ob ilit y s e rv ic e p ro vid ers c a n b e r e a lis e d . C on clu sio n s: P ro m otin g a t r a nsit io n i n I P T 6 TR A N SIT IO NS R ou te m ap K ey D ia gra m www.h vt- tr a nsit io ns.i n foP ro je ct P a rtn ers T R A N SIT IO NS Th is r e se a rc h w as f u nd ed b y U KA ID t h ro ug h th e U K F o re ig n, C om monw ea lt h & D eve lo p m en t O ffic e u nd er t h e H ig h V olu m e Tra nsp ort A p plie d R e se a rc h P ro g ra m me, m ana ged b y D T G lo b al. T h e v ie w s e xp re sse d in t h is r e p ort d o n ot nece ssa rily r e fle ct t h e U K g ove rn m en t’s o ffic ia l p olic ie s. T h is d ocu m en t h a s b een d esig ned b y: TR A N SIT IO NS Pro je ct Fe b ru a ry 2 0 23