I TRANSPORT RESEARCH LABORATORY TITLE by IA on road safety, Malaysia : towards the national casualty target since 1991 C J Baguley Overseas Centre Transport Research Laboratory Crowthorne Berkshire United Kingdom Seminar Progress reduction [C
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BAGULEY, C J (1 995). Progress toward the national road casualty reduction target since 1991. In: Proceedings of Seminar on Road Safety: The Engineering Contribution Towards The National Reduction Target. Ministry of Works, Kuala Lumpur. January 1995 PROGRESS TOWARDS THE NATIONAL CASUALTY REDUCTION TARGET SINCE 1991 Chris J Baguley Transport Research Laboratory United Kingdoin 1. INTRODUCTION Reputedly the worst single road accident that has occurred in Malaysia was a head-on vehicle collision on the Kuala Lumpur - Karak.Highway in 1990 which claimed the lives of 17 people. This particular tragedy, however, created a general awareness of the road accident problem of the country and, in response, the Government formed a Cabinet Committee on Road Safety. Their first act in 1991 was to set a target for accident reduction by remedial action. This target is commonly expressed as a 30 per cent reduction in deaths by the turn of the century, and was actually stated in terms of a fatality rate reduction from 7. 12 deaths per 10,000 registered vehicles (based on the 1989 figures) down to 3. 14 deaths per 10,000 vehicles to be achieved by the year 2000. Three full years have now elapsed, and it is timely to review progress towards achieving the national target. This paper, therefore, summarises the recommended plan made in 1991 and focuses on its engineering aspects by attempting to report what has been achieved to date. 2. THE TARGET AND ITS ATTAINMENT One of the basic objectives of government policy should be to improve the safety of travel for every category of road-user. The setting of targets is a well established management strategy which, when applied to accident reductions, has proved very effective in other countries. It has contributed greatly to the overall objective by focusing the minds of road authorities on their individual quantifiable goal. With limited budgets this has meant that they have had to be efficient in their efforts and have tended to target their most serious problems first, though with cost-effectiveness as a high priority. Although many countries have stated a target in terms of overall casualty reductions, the Government of Malaysia chose to specify the reduction in terms of the most severe accidents. However, it was hoped that the efforts applied would also affect the other categories of injury accident to produce similar reductions. The above fatality rate reduction target for Malaysia takes some account of the relatively rapid expansion of vehicular traffic in recent years (see Fig. 1) by assuming a linearly increasing traffic growth pattern. Based on this prediction, the target reduction of some 56% in rate was set such that the actual number of fatalities should be decreased by 30 per cent of the 1989 figure by the year 2000. This means in numerical terms a reduction from 3773 down to 2641 deaths per year. It was recognised that road accidents and, of course, casualties were increasing (see Fig. 2), partly as a direct result of the rapidly expanding vehicle fleet of the country; and so in 1991 I Fig. 1 Growth of registered vehicles in Malaysia, 1981-1993 0 *0 0 b7 CO Q) -O 0) .0 E z -4- All accidnts. Hospitalised Minor injury 1974 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '75' '77 '79 '81 '83 '85 '87 '89 '91 '93 Year Fig. 2 Road accidents and injured persons in Malaysia, 1974-1993 the National Road safety Council (MKJR) organised a brainstorming meeting on Langkawi which comprised all national experts and interested parties. Following this meeting a National Action Plan' was formulated and subsequently presented to the Cabinet. It is generally agreed that improving road safety requires an integrated approach and the Plan identified nine separate methods of approach encompassing the much quoted "three E's", ie. 2 a- ) Q) C -0 6 z 1981 '83 '85 '87 '89 191 '93 '95 '97 '99 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 2000 Year U) a) CO U) -o MCU 0 0 : E z Education, Engineering and Enforcement. Although human error is involved in most accidents and, indeed, the Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM) have recorded this as the main cause in 97.5 % of accidents', it is generally accepted that, in many cases, the road environment is also an under-reported, major causal factor. In the UK, for example, it has been estimated from on-the-spot independent accident survey teams that the road environment is a contributory factor in 28% of all accident cases 3. UK and New Zealand experience suggest that engineering improvements could provide an overall reduction of about 15% of the total accident toll provided that sufficient manpower and cash resources are put into systematic accident investigation procedures' This paper, therefore, focuses chiefly on the road engineering approach to improving safety though it is, of course, recognised that an integrated approach should really be adopted; ie. requiring much-needed efforts in the areas of education, enforcement and vehicle engineering, many of them being highlighted in the National Action Plan (see below). 3. THE NATIONAL MASTER PLAN As stated in the previous Section, there were nine main areas specified where it was decided that action was required, and these were:- 1 . Education 2. Engineering for environment and vehicles 3. Vehicle testing 4. Legislation enactment 5. Training and Testing Target Groups 6. Road Safety Administration - planning 7. Research'- collecting information, identifying and solving problems 8. Law Enforcement 9. Medical Services - accident victims The Plan summary is included as Appendix I and it can be seen that a list of recommended activities was given for each of the above. The agent responsible for the activity was identified along with other supportive agencies, where appropriate. 3.1 Education On Education the Plan divided responsibilities between the Ministry of Education and the Jabatan Penhangkuttan Jalan (JPJ) of the Ministry of Transport for child and adult education improvement. For children it specified an increase in education material and expanding the curriculum on road safety taught in schools, as well as special training for teachers and school crossing wardens. The Ministry was assigned the responsibility for monitoring this safety education plan. The Plan noted the need for the complementary role of parent-teacher associations to organise talks, road safety events and act as pressure groups (eg. in campaigning for crossing facilities). The Plan also stipulated the need for a child accident database to be set up at a data and information centre. For adults, the Plan concentrated on strengthening the specialised staff responsible for mass 3 media campaigns in order to coordinate teamwork between various interested parties, and to monitor and evaluate the effects of campaigns. It also noted the need for JPJ to increase adult education of engineering concepts in relation to both vehicles and the environment. 3.2 Engineering For Engineering the Road Safety Plan focused chiefly on the blackspot improvement programmes specified in the 6th Malaysia Plan which were all on Federal routes and were part-funded by the World Bank. It also itemised the need to identify new blackspot sites and draw up a second programme for the 7th Malaysia Plan. The Highway Planning Unit has been given responsibility for the identification of sites and JKR the responsibility for detailed design and implementation. An evaluation of the present countermeasures' effectiveness was specified. Both JKR and the town councils are required to make a road inventory of facilities and road equipment. Still tinder engineering, the MKJR were to create an accident investigation team and PDRM to improve the mnethod and quality of accident data. Institut Kerja Raya Malaysia (IKRAM) were to look into factors affecting design parameters of roads, road geometry, low cost treatments, improved skid resistance and identifying common patterns of accidents at blackspot locations. They were also required to produce and update Design Guidelines: traffic control and road signs being specified. A safety audit system was to be introduced by JKR for all new schemes. Town Councils were also required to improve and increase their public transport. 3.3 Vehicle testing JPJ were required to continue to carry out checks on vehicle condition and to reappraise their approval system. They were also to investigate the possibility of introducing tachographs in lorries and compulsory fitting of child restraints in cars. For heavy vehicle and buses an invehicle audible and cab-mounted light warning of exceeding the speed limit were planned. Perhaps the mnain activity planned was for JPJ to expand their road worthiness testing from just heavy goods lorries and buses to all vehicles on the road. 3.4 Legislation enactment A range of new legislation for introduction by 1993 was the objective in -this area. This included the compulsory wearing of child restraints and helmets for motorcycles; changing the law to enable full-face motorcycle helmets; fitting of air bags; tax exemption for safety equipment; limiting the speed and numbers of powerful motorcycles (or 'superbikes'); and increasing penalties for traffic law offences related to safety. These changes in legislation required input from the Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia, SIRIM (child restraints and helmet design), Ministry of Finance (tax and insurance incentives) and JPJ (helmets, air bags and motor-cycle restrictions) 3.5 Training and testing It was stated that JPJ should introduce eye tests for drivers as a condition for a licence and 4 provide (re-)training for errant speeding motorcyclists and heavy vehicle drivers. JPJ officers were themselves to be trained in first aid treatment by the Ministry of Health and to arrange subsequent training for certain target groups (eg. ambulance staff, police and firemen). 3.6 Road safety administration The main recommendation here was the formation of a Road Safety Department to be operational by 1994. However, this recomendation was rejected at an early stage by the Public Services Department as impractical and, instead, it was agreed that MKJR should be strengthened. MKJR were to organise the creation of an accident investigation team in each State. Each Ministry was required to provide specialist safety training, particularly for maintenance engineers. 3.7 Research The MKJR Research Sub-committees were required to organise all safety research. The subject areas listed included the identification of blackspots; accident investigation and treatment; studies of road-user attitudes/personality in relation to risk perception, overtaking and speeding; driver errors; effects of health, alcohol, drugs and pressure; protective clothing for motorcyclists; conflict studies; line of sight studies; haze, nighttime driving. The Plan called for research on improving the accident database, evaluations of driver training, media campaigns, counselling for accident victims, road signs, safety of State roads, and effectiveness of countermeasures. It also requires an efficient way of disseminating this information. 3.8 Law enforcement Due to pressure of work by the Police, the Ministry of Home Affairs was to review the need to mnake accident reports in all cases. PDRM were required to introduce a new computerised system for paying compound fines at all police stations, to improve the accident reporting system and to enforce a minimum speed limit when introduced. 3.9 Medical service The Ministry of Health was required to increase the number of trauma centres for accident victims in all States and also to compile a database for crash injuries. 4. MEETING THE TARGET? It is abundantly clear from Fig. 3 that this overall target for fatality reductions is not, as it should be, gradually being attained. Indeed the hospitalised and minor injury cases have also been rising at an alarming rate since the beginning of 1989 (see Fig. 2). Perhaps the next question to ask is whether the actual increase in fatalities might have been as expected owing to traffic growth during the period under consideration, 1989 to 1993 (the latest year of available statistics). It is certain that road accidents are related to traffic volume since the number of opportunities for road users to comne into conflict increases with the number of manoeuvres made. Many researchers have attempted to derive relationships 5 Cf) ci) -'t Ua z 1974 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 20 '75 '77 '79 '81 '83 '85 '87 '89 '91 '93 '95 '97 '99 Year Fig. 3 Road accident fatalities and the reduction target between accidents and volume with varying degrees of success and sometimes contradictory results. Perhaps the most famous and successful macroscopic model relating fatal accidents to population and vehicle registration was derived by Smeed' in 1949, which has been found to be still remarkably'valid even in--more recent yearS6 ' 7 .Smeed's formula, in full, was:- D = 0.000099 N"73 7 p 0 .7323 where D = number of deaths, N = number of registered vehicles, and P = population A more recent paper by Fieldwick and Brown' claimred to improve this model considerably by including an important speed factor term, namely the general urban and rural speed limits of the country. The predicted fatalities from these models are shown against the actual recorded values in Malaysia in Table 1. It can be seen that with the increase in population and much larger proportional increase in vehicles over this 4-year period, Smeed's formula, which predicts the 1989 number of fatalities relatively well, would indicate a rise of over 17% in fatalities. The Fieldwick and Brown formula (which may not be as reliable since it does not contain a registered vehicles term but effectively assumes an average {and lower} increase in the vehicle fleet corresponding to the population increase) predicts a more modest 10% increase in fatalities. However, in reality according to police records, fatalities have increased by almost 24% in this period. This may thus indicate a worsening road safety situation which cannot wholly 6 Table 1 Actual and predicted road accident fatalities be attributed to the increase in vehicles. Unfortunately, this also implies that any safety improvements which have been introduced have failed to produce sufficient reductions in the nation's accident figures. In order to investigate reasons for the above statement let us now review how the various actions itemised within the Engineering section of the National Road safety Plan have in fact been applied. 5. ENGINEERING PROGRESS WITHIN THE PLAN It is beyond the scope of this paper to investigate how well all the actions mentioned in Section 3 have been implemented since it spans several Government ministries and departments. Hence this Section limits its investigation to the theme of this Seminar, namely, the road engineering aspects only. With reference to Appendix I, the following sections summarise and comment on each item in the order listed in the Engineering section (2). 5. 1 Program I identify blackspots on Federal Routes. The first item listed was carried out by the Highway Planning Unit (HPU) of the Ministry of Works and was to identify blackspots on the Federal route network to be named as Program I. This in fact dates back to 1981 when HPU requested the Royal Malaysia Police, PDRM, to produce a list of the worst blackspots in Peninsula Malaysia. This list was updated in 1986 and comprised a total of 200 sites from which HPU selected 42 sites as a priority list for Program I. There were, however, many inadequacies in the accident database at this time, notably on accident location coding. For example, a random sample of accidents along Federal Route 3 for approximately 20kms was retrieved in 1989 fromn the police accident database and studied with reference to the police station records. It was found that 61 per cent of records were given no section number and a further 6 per cent were obviously located by the distance to the nearest town rather than the corresponding section number; (both numbers appearing on kilometre posts). If the same level of erroneous coding was as widespread as suspected, then the sites listed may not have been the worst accident blackspots in the country. However, it must be stated 7 Year Population Registered No. of Smeed formula Fieldwick & Vehicles Fatalities Brown formula ________________ ~~~~~~(% diff. to actual) (% diff. to actual) 1989 17,376,800 5,071786 3773 3646 (-3.4%) 3241 (-14.1%) I I I I increase 9.6%7 32.3 % 23.7% 17.6% 9.8 % 4 4 4 4 1993 19,050,000 6,712,479 4666 4287 (-8.1 %) 3560 (-23.7%) Table 1 that due to this known deficiency in the data, the list was also based on local knowledge obtained from the opinions of the respective traffic police stations. In the list of 42 sites there was no distinction made between spot sites (eg. at junctions) and those on sections of road. Indeed, the lengths of road varied from less than 1km to more than 10km, and so the sites could not easily be ranked since a site having more accidents than another may refer to a much longer length of road. Within Programme I, and in addition to the 42 sites, there were also 27 pedestrian blackspots separately specified at which the construction of a pedestrian footbridge was proposed. Again, the local JKR staff and police were requested to submit locations where they considered there were significant pedestrian problems, and a list of sites was compiled. 5.2 Programme II identify blackspot areas. This included the remaining sites from the original 200 and responsibility for improving these was handed down to the JKR offices within the State authorities. 5.3 Implement Program I. World Bank funding was obtained for these sites which totalled approximately RM85.5 million to be spent during the 6th Malaysia Plan. Several of the blackspot sites were packaged together for treatment to be carried out under a single contract; the final requirement being for 27 separate contracts. Most of the improvement works designed by Cawangan Jalan involved realignment or road widening resulting in relatively high cost project values of between about RMI.8M and RM5.4M. As of the author's last update in, November 1994, 26 of the 42 sites had been completed with a further 9 under construction. Four of the remaining 7 were at the tender stage and it was hoped than the design and checking of the others would be completed soon in order to complete all works within the period of the 6th Malaysia Plan. For the pedestrian bridge sites the cost ranged from RM309,000 to RM750,000. Twelve bridges have been completed and 7 are still under construction. Only 1 site is still under design with the rest at the tender stage. Cawangan Jalan are relatively confident that all the sites listed will be completed by the end of June 1995. 5.4 Program II improve blackspot areas under 7th Malaysian Plan. This was included in the schedule up to 1995 as it entailed drawing up a new list of blackspots, investigation of sites and designing new countermeasures for implementation within the next Malaysia Plan. The following paper in this Seminar will include a discussion of this item. 8 5.5 Safety improvements under the 6th Malaysia Plan. This item is the improvement work to be carried out by the individual road authorities themselves, hopefully to include the blackspots of 5.2 in addition to supervising any projects of 5. 1 located in their area. In order to gather some information about the level of achievement of the road authorities around Malaysia in work towards the Master Plan, a questionnaire was sent out to all JKR District Authorities and to the larger local authorities, ie the Majlis Bandaraya of all cities and major towns. The questionnaire is included for information as Appendix II. A total of 135 questionnaires were sent out with a request for completion and return within 3 weeks. Unfortunately, a rather poor response was achieved with only 32 returned (24% response rate). One possible, though pessimistic, reason for this may be a lack of much safety work actually being carried out by many authorities (whether due to inadequacy of funds or staff) which would leave little to fill in on the questionnaire, thereby discouraging its return. However, in the absence of other information, Figures 4(a),(b) & (c) summarise the main results obtained from the survey (excluding work on Program I) which is discussed in Section 5.6. It should be noted that the percentages given and following observations assume that the responses received were representative, and for such a small sample this may not be valid. Although 19 authorities claim to have identified blackspot sites in their network, there is still a large proportion (41 %) who have not. These authorities are thus presumably not sure that they are tackling the worst problem locations. Although the networks of the road authorities' obviously vary in size and trafficg volume appreciably, it is somewhat disappointing that of those who gave the number of sites they have identified, most have considered fewer than four during the past three years. From Fig. 4a, the single authority that sent a list of 23 blackspot sites unfortunately also returned the questionnaire blank, and so no further details of these sites or what the authority is doing to combat the problem are available. Few authorities responded to the question about how often their blackspot list is revised but, of those that did, most claim to update this once per year. There would appear to be some confusion and a general lack of clear definition of what constitutes a blackspot site. It would appear that very few authorities have adopted a formal definition (many a ctually stating a type of site, eg. cross roads, or simply stating `high numbers of accidents"). Those authorities that did quote a definition in terms of a number of accidents per year did not stipulate a physical area; eg. within 50m of a junction, or per 200m road section. Less than a quarter of the respondents claimed to have carried out any studies at accident blackspots and of those only 2 stated that they had studied traffic and condition of the road, though no further details were included. Of those who had carried out accident remedial work since 1992, most appear to have treated junctions. This is reassuring since these are locations where conflicting manoeuvres are most 9 Q.1. Have you identified blackspots? How many sites since 1992? 7 5. ~~~ ------- 4., 2•- - - - - - - - -- - 1 234 56 7 89 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 No. of Blackspot Sites How often list revised? Once/year 5 Definition of.a-biackspot? 2 fatalities/ High accs-#.-pollco In High acca*-#. roaputatlc Dangerous bnon Deficient ict dealt Poor sightlln, Cross roa4 Bad surfaco-fslope fj ar MME
1 yr yr yr a d ;;n all 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 No. of Authorities Studies made 9 -- Q.2 Any studies at blackspots since 1992? Studies 23 Responses from road safety engineering questionnaire 10 NO 13 YES 19 (0 0) 0 0 C z yearn Fig. 4a 0.3. Safety remedial work implemented since 199 Of those Authorities giving costs (9) average amount spentlyear = RM099,( Improve junctions Signalisation Widen road 2? Re-alignment Install roundabout Street lighting Road signs White lining Yellow bar lines Road humps Signal pedes crossing Delineator posts Guard rail General maintenance State/Federal budiget a SAFETY buiet 30~% 0.4. How were improvements funded?1 Annual maint. budget 14 Q.5.Any ev .5KW HQ PIMIMKJN 0.6. Organisations that approved pla ns? 111 - 11 1 1 ji M : : : 9 : : 1, ., 1 . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1 ... 1 .... ) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14o. of Authorities UsIng POL27 Superivleon only 5 ~~~~~~3 'Fewerm aluations made? ... 7 20 N. fha ~.d 20 Q.7. When was inventory completed? Only 1 authority stated 80% of facilities meet standards, remainder claim anlconform. 0.8. How many staff (%ages of time) on safety work? *0.5 -0. O 1.0-1. 0. t.2.0-2. i 2.5-2. T3.043. 0 . 35-3. z 4 7. 0 4 O 2 4 6 8 10 12 No. of Authorittle Inventory completed:- 1952 1991 2 2 1990 1 18% 1ose Net done~~~~~~ . .. s Responses from road safety questionnaire (continued) 1 1 Fig. 4b ...-X Fig. 4c Responses from road safety questionnaire (continued) 12 frequent and so tend to exhibit the highest clustering of accidents. The most common treatment listed was new or improved signing and, together with road markings, these are some of the lowest cost countermeasures that can be applied. New yellow bar markings are still being installed and, although this has been proved elsewhere to be an extremely costeffective accident countermeasure, it is likely that over-use will diminish their effectiveness: they become less likely to capture driver attention. Road widening was listed by at least three authorities which should be welcomed by the vulnerable road user groups (pedestrians and 2-wheelers) since it gives other vehicles more space to overtake or take evasive action. However this safety benefit may be counteracted somewhat by vehicle speeds increasing following the perceived more open, and generally 'faster', appearance of the roads and the fact that pedestrians now have wider roads to cross. Only one authority (a municipal council) stated that it had an annual budget specifically for safety improvements. Most other authorities (82%) used their annual maintenance budget or that of the State or Federal authorities to fund remedial work, which will inevitably compete with general maintenance needs. Most authorities have not carried out any evaluation of their actions and, although about 25 % stated that either accidents had reduced or that they had at least looked at POL27 records, no figures were included as requested on the questionnaire. All JKR road authorities were instructed to compile road inventories since about 1990, and it would appear that this is gradually being completed. According to the responses received, all road facilities comply with the appropriate standards, with only one authority estimating that about 20% of its facilities did not meet the standards in some way. In response to the query regarding the number of people employed in road safety work, many stated that several people in their authority had differing percentages of their time devoted to safety. For comparison, the percentages within each authority have been summed (where given) and expressed as a number or fraction of full-time personnel in Fig. 4b. It is again disappointing to note that most have none or fewer than the equivalent of 1 person working towards the improvement of road safety. Also, of the respondents to the accident data part of this question, half stated that they spent less than 2 man-hours per week in checking the police POL27 accident records. This may help to explain the rather poor quality of accident location data (discussed in a later paper of this Seminar' and see ref.'0 ). It is also possible that several respondents misunderstood this question; for example, one authority claimed that they had ten people devoting all of their time to road safety, and yet failed to supply details of the number of blackspot sites or work carried out at specified sites. With regard to communication as part of the integration of safety work, it Would appear that the majority of authorities do not meet regularly with the local police and schools (74 and 81 % respectively). There does, however, seem to be slightly better communication between different road authorities with only 47% stating that they do not mneet regularly with any other road authority. Just under half of the respondents reported that road safety was at least a fixed item on the agenda of any regular meeting, though information about the regularity of such meetings was rather scant. In summary, it is not known how many of the original 131 (200-42-27) blackspot sites have 13 been treated by the road authorities. However, as such a large proportion of authorities have not actually identified blackspot sites (which is likely to be even higher than 41 % given the numbers of unreturned questionnaires), it would thus appear that inadequate efforts are being made. Proper detailed studies to assist in targeting problems specifically do not tend to be carried out nor, it is suspected, are evaluations being made and reported. 5.6 Evaluation of effectiveness of RM6 safety programme. World Bank officials made annual visits to monitor progress of their blackspot improvement works as part of their standard monitoring procedure for the full loan. However, IKRAM were requested to provide an evaluation of the actual effectiveness of the treatments with respect to safety. As installation at most sites had been completed or was under construction by 1993, it was agreed that only the effect upon accidents could be investigated, and indeed this was a conclusion of an earlier visit by TRL officers in 1991". Initially, ten sites were identified at which accident histories were to be investigated. These are listed in Table 2 and were selected simply on the basis of being those where the countermeasures had been installed longest (completion between 1989 and 1991) so that as long an 'after' period as possible would be available. Accident data retrieval therefore aimed to provide 3 years before data and as long a post-installation as possible. This entailed extensive time spent at all relevant local police stations covering the area around each of the ten blackspot sites. This was because full and accurate accident data were not available on computer, certainly in the before period. Table 2 World Bank black~spot sites for accident data evaluation 14 Site No. Route Listed Km/MS Location No. 1) 1 F0001 MS13-14 Bumbong Lima, Butterworth - A.Setar, P. Pinang 2) 2 F0001 MS6'A-7 Bukit Tengah, Butterworth - Ipoh, P. Pinang 3) 3 FOOO 1 MS1 7-1 8 Sg. Bakap, Butterworth - Ipoh, P. Pinang 4) 4 FOOO 1 Km37-38 Nebong Tebal, Butterworth - lpoh, P. Pirrang 5) 5 FOQOOl Km 66 Kelumpang, Selangor 6) 6 FOOO 1 Km72-73 Kg. Baru Kelumpang, Selangor 7) 7 F0005 MS14-14Y/2 Kg Jenjarom, Jalan Kiang-Banting, Selangor 8) 9 F0005 MS20-20'/ 2 Kiang-Kuala Selangor, Banting, Selangor 9) 10 F0005 MS28'/ 2 -29 Kuala Selangor, Selangor 10) 1 2 F0005 Km 114 Jalan Pontian - Batu Pahat, Johor As accidents are not catalogued by location, the investigating team therefore had to initially scan all entries of accident location description in the relevant 24-hour report books for a period of at least three years before the schemes were implemented. The reference numbers of relevant accidents were noted so that the accident investigation files could be subsequently extracted. These files contain a collection of papers used in the court cases and include witness statements which needed to be read and checked for the location and other details of each accident. This information was then recorded on coding sheets and eventually entered onto MAAP. Data were also collected for lengths of road each side of the treatment site (for a total of 2 to 4kms) to act as 'control' data, ie. carrying the same type of traffic during both before and after periods but the road environment itself hopefully being unchanged. The installation period at each site has been kept separate in the analysis, and excluded from the final before and after evaluation. The first site had to be abandoned from the study owing to the discovery of accident location discrepancies (linked with telegraph post numbers, which had been used for accident location, being changed during the study period and also found to be non-unique). Unfortunately, insufficient time had elapsed after countermeasure installation when the accident data were retrieved to be able to collect a full 3-year 'after' period, which is the widely accepted time normally required for statistically valid comparisons of before and after accident histories. However, careful note was made of the precise start and end of each remedial works and the longer before period was averaged by month to obtain a 'normalised' accident frequency matching the length of after period at each site. Due to their assumed more reliable reporting, only accidents involving personal injury were considered in this comparison. A full list of injury accident changes before, during and after installation for various accident types, taking account of changes at the 'control' sites, is given in Appendix III. The period of time for each installation, of course, varied. However, from the tables in Appendix III it can be seen that, with the exception of site 09, safety at the roadworks sites does not appear to have been a problem as overall accident rate tended to decrease during this period. This may have been as a result of lower traffic speeds being adopted through the chiefly major roadworks sections, though the change is not generally statistically significant. A sumnmary of the calculated total injury accident changes after the installations and types of treatment at each site is given in Table 3 and shown graphically in Fig. 5. In this sample it is apparent that there was considerable variation in the accident rates at the sites identified as blackspots, with two sites having 2 or less injury accidents per year. It must be noted that, probably owing to the relatively shorter after periods, most of the accident changes are not statistically significant. Nevertheless the results at least give an indication that on the whole there has been some improvement in accidents at six of the nine sites. The unweighted overall reduction at these nine sites is about 24% (or a total of 26.7 injury accidents per year). Caution needs to be exercised in interpreting this overall success since, although the general increasing accident trend is accounted for by consideration of appropriate control sites, no account has been taken of the possible regression-to-mean effect. 15 Table 3 Overall summary of injury accident changes following remedial work at blackspot sites and first year rate of return. Expected After Increase % FYRR accs accs in accs increase % Site Brief description of remedial work from per year. No. (Cost} before -Ve -ye -VC period per indicates indicates is a _____ ~~~~~~~~~ year ~~~per year decrease decrease loss Sealed shoulders; realignment; bus 02 bays; double white lines. 17.9 24.0 6.1 34 -19 (RM 1 .067,079) _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Removal of lO1 0m of central median; 03 marked right turn bay; reduced width 31.5 26.1 -5.4 -17 41 by road marking. {RM436.053) __ _ _ ___ ____ _____ ____ Cross roads made into left-right 04 stagger; right-turning lane; raised 10.8 1 .8 -9.0 -83* 31 splitter islands on minor arms; signs and bus bay. IRM956,293)_____ Guard rail on bend; double white lines; 05 bend signs; chevron boards. 8.7 4.3 -4.4 -51 43 {RM339,309) __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ Superelevation on bend; bus stops 06 moved; small junction improvements; 23.0 3.4 -22.8 -85* 190 guard rail; chevron boards; warning signs. {RM339,309) _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 07 Junction widening and traffic signals 12.4 19.0 6.6 53 -26 __ _ {R3M 827,484) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Minor T-junction arm moved slightly; 09 guard rail and chevron boards--- -- 6.3 2.9 -3.4 -54 36 ____ {~~~~~RM308,61 4} _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Roundabout removed; initially 10 uncontrolled, now traffic signals; 1.7 5.2 3.5 202 -54 central median; right turn lane. _____ {R~~~(1M 21 2,266) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 Minor road entry shifted to other side of 2.0 0.9 -1.1 -55 11 3 ben d; guard rail; signs. {RM32,000) _____ ____ _____ _____ Notes: = Change statistically significant at at least 5% level FYRR = First Year Rate of Return assuming average injury accident cost = RM33,000 This is the statistical effect which. exits when only the highest accident sites are considered such that accident numbers will appear to go down in subsequent years even if no action is taken. Only about two years of after data was available at most sites, and for this period it has been reported elsewhere`2 that the regression-to-mean effect could be between 7 to 15 % of the benefit. However, as several of the sites have experienced relatively low accident rates in the before period this effect may not be so high. At two of these (sites 04 and 06) there has been more than an 80% reduction in injury accidents and this is statistically significant at the 1 percent level. At site 04 the junction improvements appear to have had the most significant effect on sideswipe accidents and those involving motorcyclists. This is also true of site 06 with perhaps the addition of overtaking 16 Table 3 Fig. 5 Changes in injury accident rates at blackspot sites work complete after remedial accidents which may well have been improved by the new chevron signs. Assuming an average injury accident cost of RM33,000, the first year rate of return for these two sites is 31 % and 190% respectively. The higher return at the latter site, 06, is largely due to the remedial work costing only about a third of the price of the other site. Generally, however, the FYRR at most of the sites is rather low which probably reflects the fact that the treatments could chiefly be classed as high cost (with the exception of site 12, although new realignment work is also planned here which is being combined with work at another site in a contract valued at approximately RM4. 1 iM). It would appear that in several cases work in addition to that which might address the particular safety problems at a site (such as extensive roadside drainage where wet road accidents were negligible) had also been included. What is perhaps of greatest concern is that at three of the sites which have had extensive remedial work implemented, the accident rate has increased. Looking at the type of remedial work which was carried out at these sites , 03, 07,& 10, even without a thorough knowledge of the accident history, it is not difficult to envisage reasons why accidents appear to have increased. At site 03 the road has been widened: this may well have encouraged higher speed and indeed motor cycle accidents seem to have increased (see Appendix III). At site 07 a junction was widened and traffic signals installed: again this may have encouraged higher approach speeds and the greater temptation to 'run the red' light. At site 10 a roundabout was removed and the junction left uncontrolled initially (though traffic signals have now been installed): previously approach speeds on all arms of the roundabout would have been relatively slow whereas now overtaking, rear-end and motorcycle accidents have all increased 17 35- Sites where accidents Sites where decreased accidents- "eoe"rt 30-- ~~~~~~~increased "After" rate 25 * ~~~~~~~~~~~_WI Change c: - statistically (D ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~significant at >5% level o 15 --- ______ Site No. (Appendix Ill). A more cost-effective use of the capital spent on at least the nine projects investigated here, could probably have been achieved by prior and thorough site investigations. These should have identified common safety problems at the sites, thereby assisting the design of appropriat e countermeasures which specifically addressed those problems. If we assume the same level of accident saving over all the 69 sites (inclusive of pedestrian bridges) which will have been treated during the 6th Malaysia Plan then the very approximate injury accident saving would be 205 per year. Assuming an average of 1.35 injured persons per injury accident (from 1993 figures) then this investment represents only about 0.7% of the current road accident casualties of the nation. 5.7 Road inventory: facilities and street furniture As reported in Section 5.5 both the JKR and local authorities were required to compile an inventory of road facilities and street furniture in the Plan. According to completed questionnaires, although this is gradually being done, there would appear to be more than 50% of authorities who do not yet have such an inventory. It has not been possible to review in detail in this paper the level and quality of facilities installed since 1991. However, it is hoped that with the introduction of road safety audit procedures, then street furniture and the inclusion of safety features will be more likely to be assured for future installations. 5.8 Engineering research Safety research funded by MKCJR since 1991 include projects at three universities. Those which could be classed as related to engineering were at Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (UPM) and Universiti- Malaya (UM) with Universiti Kebangsaani Malaysia carrying out a project on medical health (of bus -and taxi drivers). UPM research included the pilot project in Seremban, Shah Alam and Petaling Jaya to improve the accident data form, POL27, to be used with TRL-'s software package, MAAP; and also a project to evaluate the impact of the "ride bright` campaign for motorcyclists. At UM research projects included a driver behaviour study on close following, and also a study of the suitability of special boxes and motorcycle lanes in town centres. Unfortunately, this latter project has now been terminated. Research at IKRAM has been somewhat limited by a lack of qualified research staff. Rather than produce new Design Guidelines on traffic control or road signs, effort has been concentrated on producing a general accident investigation Guide as this was considered a higher priority. In order to attempt to standardise the methods used by all engineers in Malaysia with responsibility for managing part of the road network, guidance on identifying and treating hazardous locations is much needed, and the Guide will be discussed later in this Semninar. Other work has included the monitoring of the World Bank blackspot sites described above and also trials of low-cost road surface devices such as the use of Vibralines as double centrelines to discourage overtaking on hazardous two-way undivided roads, raised pavement markers and flexipost edge delineators. IKRAM has also been working with Kajang Distric JKR as a pilot area where landmark mapping is being tried as a means of improving the recording of location of road traffic accidents. 18 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS (1) It appears from the records that road traffic accidents in Malaysia are increasing dramatically with annual fatalities rising at about the same rate that they should be decreasing if the Government's casualty reduction targets are to be met. (2) Fatality rates have increased by 24 per cent since the target base year of 1989 and, according to well-known macro models, this is higher than would be expected from the large growth in traffic over this period. (3) With regard to the road engineering aspects of the Road Safety Master Plan of 1991, it would appear that many road authorities are not allocating enough staff time to checking police accident data (about half the questionnaire respondents spend less than 2-hours per week on this task). (4) Road safety on the local road networks does not appear to be being managed adequately. Very few authorities claim to have full-time safety staff, with percentages of staff time totalling less than. 1 person in most cases. There is a lack of consensus of what constitutes a blackspot site and a large proportion of authorities stated that none had been identified. Those authorities that had identified blackspots tend to have considered only a few over the past three years. Studies of specific problems at individual sites are not generally made. (5) Almost all road authorities reported that they do not have separate safety budgets and so all spending on accident countermeasures has to compete with general maintenance needs. (6) The questionnaire survey also indicates that integration of safety work is probably lacking judging by the relatively low proportion of authorities who have regular meetings with the local police, education and other authorities. This is unfortunate since some individual authorities are obviously keen to further the cause of improving safety and cooperate with others, such as the Police Headquarters of Pahang who even maintain their own up-to-date accident database on computer. (7) Results from an accident analysis at nine of the Phase I identified blackspot sites on Federal roads have demonstrated some success with the remedial work implemented. Although not yet statistically significant, there would appear to have been an overall saving in injury accidents of about 24% at these sites. Although this figure takes into account the generally increasing. accident trends by considering groups of control sites, the possible regression-to-mean effect has not been included. It is thought that this could range from 7% to 15% if the sites were indeed some of the worst blackspots, and if so, this should strictly be subtracted from the quoted benefit of the countermeasures. At three of the nine sites investigated injury accidents may have actually increased by an average of about 5 per year. (8) The remedial work at the so-called World Bank accident blackspots all tended to be high cost and the estimated saving from these is only about 0.7% of the current injury accdents in Malaysia. It is therefore suggested that this money could have been spent more effectively by finding cheaper solutions to properly investigated safety problems 19 over a much greater number of sites. This should in turn have yielded a much better casualty reduction. (9) The overall conclusion remains that the engineering and, indeed, all other efforts made from 1991 to date have failed to have sufficient impact on the growing numbers of road accident casualties. Much more needs to be done otherwise the casualty reduction target will almost certainly not be achieved and a far more hazardous situation than that in 1989 will prevail. 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank the relevant Royal Malaysia Police stations at the World Bank blackspot sites for making road accident data available; all JKR District and State offices and local authorities who responded to the questionnaire; IKRAM for facilitating this cooperative safety research programme between JKR and Transport Research Laboratory, United Kingdom, and to the many staff of IKRAM for their help and support throughout this project. The views expressed in this report are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Institute Kerja Raya Malaysia, JKR or the Transport Research Laboratory, U.K. 8. REFERENCES 1 .AMINUDDIN ADNAN, M. Pelan induk kebangsaan keselamnatan jalan raya. Mesyuarat Agung ke 33. Majlis Keselamnatan Jalan Raya, 27-29 May 1992. 2. POLIS DIRAJA MALAYSIA. Statistical report road accidents Malaysia 1992. Percetakan Nasional Malaysia, 1993. 3. SABEY, B E & G C STAUGHTON. Interacting roles of road environment, vehicle and road user in accidents. In: Fifth international conference of the International association for Accident and traffic Medicine, London, 1975. 4. INSTITUTION of HIGHWAYS AND TRANSPORTATION. Highway safety guidelines: accident reduction and prevention. International edition. IHT, London, 1990. 5. SMEED, R J. Some statistical aspects of road safety research. J. Royal Stat. Soc., Series A, CXII(I), 1-34, 1949. 6. SMEED, R J. The frequency of road accidents. Zeitschrift fur Verehrssicherheit, 20(2), 95-108 & 20(3),151-159, 1974. 7. JACOBS, G D & P R FOURACRE. Further research on road accident rates in developing countries. Transport Research Laboratory, SR270. Crowthorne, 1977. 8. FIELDWICK, R & R J BROWN. The effect of speed limits on road casualties. J. Trqffic Engng. & Control. 12, 635-640, 1987. 20 9. SAIDIN, N. Road accidents, data processing and analysis. In: Proceedings: Seminar on road safety: the engineering contribution towards the national reduction target. Ministry of Works, Kuala Lumpur, 1995. 10. BAGULEY C J, & RADIN U R SOHADI. The improvement of accident data quality in Malaysia. In: Proceedings of First Malaysia Road Conference. REAAA Malaysian Chapter, Kuala Lumpur, 1994. 11. BAGULEY C J & B L HILLS. World Bank-funded road safety improvement programme in Malaysia: feasibility of evaluation of the accident blackspot sites. Transport Research Laboratory Technology Transfer Unit Technical Paper OUITU/122191, 1991. 12. ABBESS C, D JARRETT, C C WRIGHT. Accidents at blackspots: estimating the effectiveness of remedial treatment, with special reference to the 'regression-to-mean' effect. Traffic Engng. & Control, 22 10, 1981. 21 .NATIONAL MASTER PLAN FOR ROAD SAFETY IN MALAYSIA APPENDIX I ACTVITIES FOR ACTION ZIP2 U. U. I I- -.9 2 z 9 m. 0 U. 9 01 0 U,, 0 z~ U, z U. 9 10 I1-. 9 z ~U ~ 25 0 UUJ U 0 C 2 If. EDUCATION A. School Children Road Safety -increase local education materialUEJ EE] E E -training for teachers, traffic wardens '~] D IE ] D L L Improve curriculum *EE~> 1 1E -integrate safety in curriulum N D D E E E D -co-curriculum, eg. voluntary clubs UE E W D E Sharing information 3EEEZD DI - create a data/information centre ~D D D D E D for children accidents D E E E E Legal aspect - insurance for traffic wardens*Z] iEI II]]iEii]] Monitor whole safety education plan UMEJDiEEE=CIEE1EF Complcmentary role L - role of parent-teachers association (PTA) in uEEEELJEE)]i] road safety education (talks,events, pressure groups)-- D ED W E DE B. Adults Campaign - in variety of mass media E E E E E~ -increase of special staff for campaigns ----- E]E E E D -teamwork between the related partics D JM D *combination of campaign and enforement .JEEE~EEIE~ -monitor. supervise, evaluate paswith studies ~ E E D D E Road-user education ~2NE E E E D - vehicle and road engineering conceptasE E LID E D 2. ENGINEERING A. Roatd Program I identify black spota area D][ DDI DE] for Federal Route Network (FRN) D E D D Program II identify black spotsE W DD accident area (FRN) IH Program done to improve the black spots area I (FRN - World Bank) F-LInEEElIZIL DD Program done to improve the black ID E'W ED spots area II (IiM 7) - -_____ - D E]EE( IDL]DD Improve safety program to be done DE ±D E] under kM 6DD EW E E Estimation and supervision of the ~DENiI]EEDi program effectiveness (World Bank)[iEUi]EL]L Identify and provide inventory DD EI E E facilities and street fumniture Provide facilities and street fumniture L D D E C E E for installation ~ZDEW E E IB. Methodolopv Develop system to identify black spot areas ~~1 D DW D E Create acecident investigation teams END E E E D Improve the method of collecting data DE DED E E - accident dataE DE DE D - info' system to relate factors to design DD W E EDE Introducing safety audit CEDCEN WEDHE Local widening, medians and s~pecial lanes for rfl-EEEmEW DesignuideliesproisionWpdatin - traffie/road sign Increase safety devices in vehiclesD D D Engineering studiesD D - road geometric aspect D E N W E E - lower cost effective countermeasuresD E N D D D - protection against slippery D E W D E road surfaces - common accident pattemns at blackspots EID E D N WEC E3E3E1 C. Altemsatve Facilities F 1 E D increasing public transportE D D I 3. VEHIICLE TESTS__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Type approval for vehicle design of HGV's J E D W E E -warning lightlaudible sound for exceeding speed limit D U D E W D E D D LZCIEI -vehicle performance - brake, tires, engine and power etc.- D D E W E D E -evaluate again whole approval systemD E E E E D Introduce & enforce safety equipment - tachographs, .- 4E U WD D child restraints & helmets TMONITORING/SUPERVISING AGEN SUPPORTIVE AGENT RESPONSIBLE AGENT IYEAR OF ACTION 92n 93 j94 95 H i929 w1 wr DE]DDEED DEDEEDED IWEDEKII T EDEE DlEEEEFV1 22 *ROWEEEYCDD nuNMENEfDE EMEDE IENENEEDED EUNNEEDEE~~~~~~~~~~ENEMEEDE EMEEEDED EUNEEDDEE NEEMEEDDE NUN DDEDE MENEEDDEE NENEDDEED EN DEEDED DEE DEEDED DEE DEEDED DEE WEDEE DEE WE DEDL1JD DEE WEH EEE EEWD DEE WELiL DEE WEED DEE DEEDED DEE DEEDED DEEDEEDEE DEE DEEDED mmmmmrn - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 APPENDIX I (Continned) 0x X X. 5. 5.5. ACTIVITIES f-OR ACTION Check roadworthinesa of all vehicles ~UJJ..LLLLJJ !4. LAW AND ORDER New legislation for: ----------- ZEELD L -children restraints (including helmets) E L E LI E I -tax exemption for safety equipment ~ E L E E -safety incentive :insurance action on use of fuill face helmet -introduce air bags NE EE E E -limit the speed/reduce numbers of powerfuil motorcycles -rEEEJELI Safet helmet designE E N -improve conspicuity (reflective) ~u Penalty system :increase penaltiesc~EE E E E :5. TRAINING AND TESTING TARG ET G ROUP Eye sight test for drivers E EEfE - design certificate of fitnesa for PSV driversNE E EE E First Aid treatment Z E E E_ E L -training for taret groups L U ~ m E E (ambulance driver. policemen. firemen) ~U E L E E Training for riders of powerful motorcycles ~ E E E E~_ Training for heavy vehicle and E E EE contractor drivers 6. ROAD SAFETY ADMINISTRATION Create Road Safety Department E E L A. Short term Strengthen the Road Safety Council MKIRadistaon 'NE E E EE Departments to second personnel to NXIR ~ E E EEL E Each State department should have personnel for MKJR workLJ._ EEL EE E B. Long term I E E E E E Create an investigation team for every State and centrai Computer system to operate demerit syste r N.i L. E E Specialist training for all the related agenciesN NE D E UN E Training for the engineers responsible f6r matintenance-ZE EL L E ] 7. RESEARCH__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Identify the problems L LL .E EN Accident investigation 7T E E E E Accident treatment for black spot areasa E E E E E Road-user attitudes (driver. pedestrian. E E LE E U motorist) E E E L L LE -relate attitude / personality to risk, over taking, speeding -4 'LE F7(E=L-EE NI Drivers error and skills 'J L E EEE N 'Information processing & decision making of roadusr- E .. JIZEEI Drivers health E E N - alcohol - drugs - pressure E E ~ Evaluation L J ~ U -driver training, campaigns -counselling for accident vtctims ------ -trauma management support facilitiesE -road signs ~'J2N -Road Safety Council projects for the States road safety -4ZiEEE E : valuating the effectiveness of projects i iE Protective Clothing Design -motorcyclist __ _ __ _ __ EE N IConflict studies ~~N ILine sight studies LL 'LJL EN *-night time driving E L.E E I *Data base accident networkc- W E EL E EN Dissemination system LEE' L- EE:EN!m 8. LAW ENFORCEMENT Review teced to mnake an accident report - Z E L E E Compound payment system computerised (all police stations ... EN Z LE Improve accident report system EZ E m Minimumn speed limit law - EE i 9. MEDICAL SERVICE Increase of new trauma centres JE L E for all the States -EN E _ [Compile data base for the injunies -~ T N E T5 W 0 MONITORING/SUPERVISING AGENT .5W E-J SUPPORTIVE AGENT X M~ KRkPONSIBLE AGENT R X ~ ~ , EEEEGEEEEII WWEEEEELIZII GWEEEEEEEI1 EOEEEEm EEEEEEEF 'EEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEfTh4 EWEEZEEZE EEEEEEEEE 'EEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEE WELL ____ EWLELEZZLI ELLEEELE LInNE LEEE GE1 E!MI =F irij(EU cl 23 W
j E: 7 X X
4 2 z ' .1 < -:5 X < A U. . < W is - APPENDIX II INSTITUT KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA Jabatan Kerja Raya Unit Pavemen Jalan Serdang WO 43000 KaJang Selangor Darul Ehsan SOALSELIDIK MENGENAI KAEDAH KEJURUTERAANS KESELAMATAN JALANRAYA ROAD SAFETY ENGINEERING MEASURES QUESTIONNAIRE Institut Kerja Raya Malaysia (IKRAM) telah diminta untuk membuat satu kajian mendalam tentang pencapaian pengurangan kemnalangan jalanraya sebagaimana yang telah ditetapkan oleh Kerajaan. Makiumat ini diperlu untuk pertimbangan samaada sumber ataupun polisi perlu ditambah. Oleh yang demikian, adalali diminta anda menjawab borang soalselidik ini secepat mungkin dan kembalikan ke IKRAM sebelum 10 November 1994. Sila gunakan kertas tambahan jika ruang jawapan tidak mencukcupi. Institut Keria Raya Malaysia has been requested to carry out an internal review for the Government of Malaysia on progress towards the Government's stated road accident casualty reduction target. Information is required on which to base decisions on whether any additional resources or policy changes are necessary. We would therefore request that you complete the following questionnaire as quickly as possible, and return this to 1KRAM at the latest by 10th November 1994. Please attach separate sheets of paper if insufficient space. Nama dan alamat penguasa jalanraya Name and address of road authority: ........................................ 1 . Sudahkah dikenalpastikan kawasan titik hitam atau merbahaya di dalamn rangkaian jalanraya? Sila nyatakan bilangan tapak -yang telah dikenalpastikan; berapa kerap senarai min diperbaharui, dan definasi sesuatu kawasan titikhitam. [Sebagai contoh '5 kemalangan/tahun/simpang ataujarak knm" atau ` keterangan yang diambil. dari Polis". Jika tiada jawapan, sila tulis "Tiada"]. Have you identified the accident blackspots or hazardous areas on your road network? Please state how many sites, how often this list is revised, and how you define your "biackspots'. [E.g. "15 injury accidents/year/junction or x km length' or "Police verbally inform ". If not done, please write 'NO "1. ADA/TIADA YES/NO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bilangan tapak? How many sites? .............................................. Kekerapan senarai diperbaharui? How often list revised? ........................................... Definasi kawasan titikhitam Definition of Wbackspot" .................... 24 APPENDIX II (Continued)j 2. Semenjak 1992, nyatakan sebarang kajian yang telah dibuat di kawasan titik hitam atau merbahaya dalamn rangkaian jalanraya. [Jika tiada, sila tulis "TIADA"]. Since the beginning of 1992 please list any studies you have. made at accident blackspots or hazardous areas on your road network. [If none please write "NONE "I 3. Semenja 1992, natakan erja-kera membakpulih yng dibut ole phak tua.Siabnkeagn 3 remnjaka tetng 192 aaa atutnaknynmemah krkerja iablil, yaempiat da os. Siha maukan.d pembika ke cilnga [contoh: pembaikan tanda jalan, papantanda baru dil. Jika TIADA, sila beri sebab/keterangan]. Since 1992, please list the accident remedial work implemented by your authority. Please write a brief summary of the type of work done or action taken and its location(s) and approximate cost. Please include all small improvements [eg. reinstatement of roads markings, new signs etc. If NONE, please state reasons/resources needed to rectify]. 4. Bagaimana pembaikan itu di bayar? Adakah ia termasuk di dalam dibelanjakan untuk pembaikan keselanmatan setiap tahun? peruntukan tahunan yang How were the above improvements funded? Do you have in your budget an annual amount to be spent on safety improvements solely each year? 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX H (Continued) 5. Adakah tindakan diambil untuk menilai keselarnatan, dan jika ya, sila catitkan jenis pengukcuran yang digunakan? Nyatakan sebarang perubahan kernalangan disebabkcan kerja pemnbaikan. YAITIADA Has any attempt been made to evaluate the safety action taken, and if so, please state what measurements were used? List any known changes or accident sayings due to your remedial work. YES/NO 6. Sila nyatakan samaada organisasi lain meluluskan cadangan tersebut [contoh: JK Ibupejabat, MKJR], and catitkcan sanmaada odit keselarnatan telah dijalankan? Please specify whether any other organisation(s) approved your plans (eg. JKR HQ, MKJR), and state whether any form of safety audit was carried out? 7 ... .uaha anda ........ 1.... da .iapan.iveno.i.emudhanjal. a.nSla.a .ei .a .aik s.a . da j..ik.. H uavekyo completedkan inventory oferouadand joadsideacilteies Please stat datetof cmltaion sand dates ofk any subsequent updates. YES/NO Adakah semnua kemnudahan telah diperiksa untuk pengesahan dengan Arahan Have all facilities been checked to conform to the relevant Arahan Teknik? YA/TIADA YES/NO Butir-butir kernudahan yang tidak mengikut piawaian yang ditetapkan Details of those which do not meet standard ................................ 26 APPENDIX 11 (Continued) 8. Berapa jumlah kakitangan di dalam pengawasan tuan yang diberi tanggungjawab terhadap keselamatan jalanraya? Nyatakan bilangan kakitangan dan masa yang diperuntukan untuk kerja keselainatan. [Contoh 2 (60%), 1 (10%), 2 part-time (100%). Tulis "TIADA', jika tiada kerja keselamnatan dijalankan). How many staff in your authority have road safety responsibilities? Please state number of personnel and estimate percentage of their time devoted to safety work. [E~g. 2 (60%), 1 (10%), 2 part-time (100%). Write 'NONE", if no safety work done). Jumlah tenaga kerja seminggu yang diperuntukan untuk menyemak data kemnalangan: No. of man-hours per week spent on accident data checking: ................... 9. Adakah kakitangan di bawah pengawasan tuan mengadakan mesyuarat mingguan dengan Do any of the staff in your authority have regular meetings about safety matters with Polis tempatan? ADA/TIADA the local Police? YES/NO Kekerapan? How often? .......................... Pihak sekolah tempatan? ADA/TADA Kekerapan? the local schools? YES/NO How often? .............................. Namna sekolah Name schools .............................. Lain-lain Penguasa tempatan? ADAMTADA Nama other authorities? YES/NO Name........................ 10. Pada mesyuarat yang diadakan, adakah keselamatan jaianraya dijadikan agenda tetap? Jika ya, sila catitk~an nama mesyuarat dan kekerapan ianya diadakan. At any of your authority's regular meetings, is road safety a fixed item on the agenda? If yes, please state name of meeting and how often it is held. YAMTADA YES/NO Slia kebalikan kepada 1KRAM selawat lewatnya 10 Nov 1994 Please post back to 1KRAM before 10 November 1994 TERIMA KASIH D1 ATAS KERJASAMA P1HAK TUAN THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND COOPERATION 27